Unit-6, Health and Exercise
“Take care of your body. It’s the only place you have to
live.” – Jim Rohn
You
May Scoff….
Emma
Young
Word Meaning:
Diet – starve/fast
Excess – overload
Merry -cheerful
Determination – strength of mind
Cut back – reduce
Trim - smart
Adiposity - a condition of being severely
overweight, or obese
Piling – collecting
Epidemic - outbreak
Bulge –swell/swelling
Pounding - thumping
Tarmac – blacktop/pitch
Stock up - to get a large quantity of something
for later use
Antibody - a blood protein
produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen (any substance
that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it)
Infection – illness/disease/contagion
Persist - continue
Microbes -bacteria/microorganism
Flab – excess weight
Indeed -certainly
Potentially - possibly
Prevention -avoidance
Chill - coolness
Tend – be likely to
Bickering – backbiting/internal strife
Moderate -
reasonable
Restriction -
control
Ventral
striatum - an area of the
brain that plays an important role in mood, learning and addiction
Craving -longing
Recommend – suggest
Urges - a strong desire or impulse
Shivering -trembling
Abundant – plentiful
Exposed – covered
Deposit – leave
Shrink – reduce in size
Thermostat
– a device to
detect temperature changes for the purpose of maintaining the temperature of an
enclosed area essentially constant
Nutritional
–dietary
Endocrine disrupter
chemicals (EDCs) - chemicals that
mimic, block, or interfere with hormones in the body's endocrine system (a
system of glands that make hormones)
Leach – separate
Interfere
– obstruct
Thyroid - a
butterfly-shaped gland that sits low on the front of the neck
Regulate
– normalize
Metabolic
– related to the conversion of food into energy
Phthalates
- a group of
chemicals used to make plastics more flexible and harder to break
Receptor - chemical structures, composed of
protein (PPAR)
PPAR -
Peroxisome Proliteratior Activated Receptor) –gamma - known as the glitazone receptor
or NR1C3 is a type II nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the PPARG
gene
Circumference – boundary
Bisphenol
A(BPA) - BPA is an industrial chemical that has been used to make
certain plastics and resins since the 1960s.
Accumulate – build up
Elevate – rise
Inflammation – swelling
Deceased –died
Insulin -peptide hormone produced by beta
cells
Ramble - walk
You
May Scuff
(Emma
Young)
This is an article about staying slim written by Emma Young
based of different researches and their findings. We generally assume that
dieting and exercise help us fighting against obesity. But the article suggests
six surprising ways of balancing our body weight or obesity. They are:
Getting vaccination against
infections, common cold viruses (such as Adenovirus-36/AD-36,
microbes/microscopic organisms)
Reducing everyday stress and controlling room temperature:
Calorie restriction instead, causes stress and the very stress increases the
activities in ventral stratum causing craving for high calorie food. Mindfulness, stress reduction and meditation
techniques help control body weight. The lower temperature also controls
obesity because in lower temperature, calorie burns to make us warm.
Avoid eating packaged foods: The
food wrappings contain Endocrine Disrupter Chemicals (EDCs) such as, Phthalates
and Bisphenol A which hamper the functioning of Harmon. This affects the
process of metabolism, and they store fat and metabolizing glucose.
Not staying late night in the light:
The twenty-four hours light and dark cycle known as circadian clock gene is
affected by the light at night. The blue wave length of light at night from LED
bulbs disrupts the circadian system which affects metabolism.
Move to the country: Urban and city
areas are polluted and the dirt particles in the air causes obesity and
diabetes. The polluted air elevates blood levels of a protein involved in
inflammation (tumor necrosis factor alpha). In country/rural areas, the air is
less polluted and there is a less chance of having obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Have a lie- in: Less sleep can
cause obesity. Sleeplessness reduces leptin hormone which suppresses appetite
and increases ghrelin hormone which stimulates appetite. Less sleep means more
eat.
Researches and
their Findings on Obesity
David Allison, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala,
v Not
only humans but also animals are becoming heavier,
v The
factors making animals fat are also contributing human obesity
v Diet
control doesn’t control obesity: found through research on wild animals, lab
animals, and other animals fully kept under diet control also became fat, hence
it is found that there are other factors for obesity.
Nikhil Dhurandhar, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana
v Common
cold viruses such as Adenovirus-36 or AD-36 boasts fat cell and its amount,
v Obese
people have a chance of having AD-36 antibodies three times more than normal
people,
v Children
with AD-36 antibodies weighed an average of 23 kilograms more than the normal
children,
v Microbes
and microorganisms also make us fat,
v We
must have vaccination against any kind of infection, virus, bacteria or
microbes
Rajita Sinha, Director, Yale Stress Center, Yale University
v Our
thought and behavior can weaken our health,
v Extreme
stress causes weight reduction, but everyday stress leads to obesity,
v She
made research on mice to find the relation between stress and obesity; calorie
restriction made mice much more sensitive to stress and they choose more high
fat food in comparison to the mice restriction free calorie.
v Stress
increases the activity in the ventral striatum and these increases craving for
high calorie food in those who have a habit of consuming less.
v Instead
of counting on calorie, mindfulness, stress reduction and meditation technique
help to control stress related eating of high calorie food.
Fiona Johnson, University College, London
v Room
temperature increase causes obesity
v Less
energy burns between the temperature 15 degree centigrade to 28 degree
centigrade,
Simona Bo, University of Turin, Italy
v In
six years, period of research on 1500 middle aged adults, living in higher
temperature homes were about twice as likely to become obese.
v Shivering
burns calorie,
v Accepts
the connection between sleep and obesity
v Children
having an average of about 6.3 hours sleep became fat in comparison to the
children who slept 7.2 hours in average
Elizabeth Hatch, Boston University
v Endocrine
disrupter chemicals such as phthalates and Bisphenol A cause obesity because
they change the normal functions of hormone and hampers metabolic rate,
v Phthalate
activate a receptor in PPAR gamma, involves in storing fate and metabolizing
glucose,
Randy Nelson, Ohio State University, Columbus
v Mice
exposed to light at night weighed 10% more than the mice experience a standard
light/dark circle during the period of 8 weeks,
v Light
at night might affect light/dark cycle or circadian clock gene changing individual’s
metabolism (LED bulbs, blue wave light)
Xiaohua Xu, Ohio State University
v Breathing
polluted air can cause extra fat to accumulate around our stomach and also make
cells less sensitive to insulin, increasing our risk of developing type 2
diabetes,
v Mice
exposed to air heavily polluted with the fine particles for 6 hours a day, five
day a week, for 10 weeks had about 5% more abdominal fat than the other inhaled
filtered air,
v Pollution
rises blood levels of a protein causing inflammation called tumour necrosis
factor alpha
John Pearson, Harvard University
v Found
association between pollution and obesity,
Rachel Taylor, University of Otago, New Zealand
v Children
between age 3-5 age, who sleep less than the average of 11 hours are more
likely to be overweight by the time they are 7 years old,
Ways with Words:
A. Ten words in
the bold face in the text correspond to the definitions below. Match the
definitions with the corresponding words.
Words in Bold
Face
Determination,
trim, adiposity, highlighted, bulge, nevertheless, boosts, persist, flab,
bickering, restricted, urges, inflammation, deprivation
a. in spite of what has just been said or referred to – nevertheless
b. a strong desire or impulse – urge
c. the ability to continue trying to do something, although
it is very difficult – determined
d. to attract attention to or emphasize something important
– highlighted
e. arguing about things that are not important – bickering
f. not having things or conditions that are usually
considered necessary – deprivation
g. continue to exist – persist
h. soft loose flesh on a person’s body – bulge
i. to improve or increase something – boost
j. a limiting condition on something – restriction
Sentences
Determination: The first
element of success is the determination to succeed.
Trim: I just want to trim my
hair.
Adiposity: He recommended
dieting for losing my adiposity.
Highlighted: The words
highlighted in red color are important.
Bulge: What is that bulge in your
mouth?
Nevertheless: She was very
tired, nevertheless she kept on working.
Boost: The Theater managed to
boost its audience by cutting ticket price.
Persist: She persisted in her
denial.
Flab: Fight the flab with
exercise!
Bickering: Will you two
stop bickering!
Urge: It is never necessary to
urge her to study.
Inflammation: The drug can
cause inflammation of liver.
Deprivation: She is studying
the effect of sleep deprivation.
B. The words
‘restriction’ and ‘awareness’ are nouns with the suffixes ‘-ion’ and ‘-ness’.
Make a list of as many words as you can which end in ‘-ion’ and ‘-ness’.
Words ending
in ‘-ion’ |
Words ending
in ‘-ness’ |
Dedication,
addiction, restriction, suffocation, modification, identification,
simplification, multiplication, desertification, classification etc. |
Gratefulness,
beautifulness, mindfulness, unpleasantness, Shyness,
coyness, aimlessness etc. |
The countries which do not give emphasis on the health of their citizens are proven to have poor growth rates. For a nation, to climb the success ladder rapidly, its people need to be perfectly fit and healthy. Quality healthcare system has to be accessible and affordable for everyone, not an unreachable dream.
Both the state and the individuals have an equal role in ensuring the health of a nation. However, to improve public health, a government should be more responsible and can make important efforts. It should provide quality and nutritious food for its citizens. An adequate local public health infrastructure should be assured. Healthy communities and healthy behaviors should be promoted. Prevention of the spread of communicable disease should be necessary. People should be protected against environmental health hazards. There should be the provision of easy health services. Health centers and hospitals should be established in the remote parts of the country.
1. Talk about your feelings
2. Keep active
3. Eat well
4. Drink sensibly
5. Keep in touch
6. Ask for help
7. Take a break
8. Do something you’re good at
9. Accept who you are
10. Care for others
x
Comprehension:
A. Write whether
the following statements are True, False or Not Given.
a.
During the holidays people eat and
drink more than usual. True
b.
Getting too little exercise and eating
too much is the reason why people put on weight. True
c.
David Allison’s research involved
studying rats under laboratory conditions. False (Wild animals, lab
animals, and others)
d.
You may need to go shopping for clothes
if you come down with a cold. True
e.
Adenovirus-36 (AD-36) decreases the
percentage of fat in the fat cells. True
f.
Vaccination against infections could
be used in the future to prevent obesity. False
g.
People under severe stress can
experience breathing difficulties. Not Given
h.
A study indicates that mice that have
never been on a diet choose fatty food when given a choice between high calorie
or low calorie food products. False
i.
Rajita Sinha has been studying the
connection between brain activity and behavior. True
j.
Specific hormones regulate our
appetite. Not given
B. Answer the
following questions:
a. In what sense
are the holidays a time to excess? When can a person weight?
The holidays are a time to excess because on those days
people eat and drink a lot for fun and enjoy forgetting everything. There are
several causes of obesity but eating more and moving less is a vital reason.
b. According to
David Allison, which factor contributes to excess obesity?
According to David Allison, only diet control does not
control obesity but there are several factors causing obesity such as different
viruses, infections, microbes, everyday tension/stress, room temperature,
packaging food consumption, late night stay in LED bulb light, living in
polluted areas and sleep deprivation.
c. What,
according to Dhurandhar, can be the way of preventing fatness?
Get vaccinated against different viruses, infections,
microbes can be the way of preventing fatness.
d. What is the
relationship between chill and obesity? How can saying ‘om’ help reduce
fatness?
Everyday chill/stress increases the activity in the ventral
striatum and this activity increases craving for high calorie food which leads
obesity. Mindfulness, stress reduction and meditation techniques help to
decrease obesity. Meditation saying ‘om’ helps reducing stress and keeps
peaceful. It is relaxation and spiritual word.
e. Why is it
necessary to be careful while buying plastic packaged fatty food?
It is necessary to be careful while buying plastic packaged
fatty food because the packaging contains Endocrine Disrupter Chemicals (CDCs)
such as Phthalates and Bisphenol A which change the normal functions of
hormones regulating metabolic rate resulting in storing fat and metabolizing
glucose.
f. Why does
Nelson suggest avoiding blue wavelengths of light at night?
Nelson suggests avoiding blue wavelengths of light at night
because it affects light/dark cycle altering circadian system and changes
metabolism.
g. How does
breathing polluted air affect one’s fatness?
Polluted air can cause extra fat to accumulate around our
stomach and make our cells less sensitive to insulin (appetite hormone) which
regulates metabolism. So breathing polluted air causes fatness.
h. What is the
link between sleep and weight?
Sleep deprivation reduces appetite suppressing hormone
called leptin and increases appetite stimulating hormone called ghrelin. Less
sleep means more to eat and more to eat means put on weight.
Critical
Thinking
a. What do you
do you to keep yourself fit? What food do you avoid and why?
Who doesn’t like to keep himself/herself fit! Everybody
wants to look slim and smart but the lack of self discipline and determination
we do not control our eating habit and do not de regular exercise. We celebrate
different holidays eating and drinking a lot without being health conscious. As
far as I am concerned to keep myself fit, I follow healthy behaviors strictly.
I am a health-conscious person as I believe on “Health is our wealth.” I never
prefer to have junk food. I always like to eat balanced died having all the
nutrients in a proper amount. I strongly believe that regular exercises help me
to keep fit and healthy. Every morning I get up at 5:00 a.m. and do physical
exercise for one hour. The main reason of having my body healthy is sleeping
eight hours regularly. I also do regular check up of my body. I never drink
alcohol and smoke. The foods we eat also cause obesity so I am always conscious
while I am having food. I avoid packaged foods, oily and spicy food.
b. Healthy
citizens are the greatest asset of a country. What can a state do to keep her
citizen healthy?
The best profitable investment a nation can make is to invest in
the health of its citizens. Our ability to grow as a country is strongly linked
to our health. Having an educated and skilled workforce is not adequate.
Physical and mental well-being are essential for the productivity. When people
are sick, the consequences extend beyond the well-being of the nation affecting
families and communities.
b) How can a
person be mentally healthy? Provide about ten tips to a person to stay mentally
fresh and healthy.
Ten tips to a
person to stay mentally fresh and healthy:
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